First fatherhood in Brazil: A comparative analysis of sociodemographic determinants between city and country men

Abstract

This study examines how sociodemographic factors influence the decision to become a father for the first time among urban and rural men in Brazil. Using data from the 2019 National Health Survey and applying Kaplan-Meier and Cox survival analysis models, the objective is to identify and compare the determinants that affect this decision in different geographic contexts. The methodology included a detailed analysis of sociodemographic, economic, and health variables, as well as the use of social media. The results indicate that men in rural areas tend to become fathers earlier, influenced by lower levels of education, while in urban areas, higher education tends to delay fatherhood. Factors such as race and geographic region are also significant: black men and those residing in the North and Northeast show a greater likelihood of early fatherhood. The risk rate analysis suggests that socioeconomic status and access to social networks significantly influence the age of first fatherhood, with differences between urban and rural areas. Survival curves show that rural men are more likely to become fathers earlier in their lives, while urban men, especially those with higher education, tend to delay fatherhood. These findings highlight the need for public policies that consider the sociocultural and economic differences between urban and rural areas. Sexual education and family planning programs should be adapted to local realities, and awareness campaigns can use social media to promote responsible and informed parenthood in Brazil.